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Showing posts with label questions. Show all posts
Showing posts with label questions. Show all posts

Tuesday, February 19, 2013

Q&A: Science Books For Everyone (A List)

Q  Would you put together a recommended reading list for a world citizen in 2013 to be in a good position to judge political and moral claims in the light of science today?


A  I have not read books that I feel really meet your expectations, but I have found some suggestions, I just haven't read them.

1.  The 5 Elements of Effective Thinking by Edward B. Burger and Micheal Starbird
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0691156662
This is a book about working through problems logically which is essential to science education.

2.  The Science of Science Policy by Kaye Husbands Fealing, Julia I. Lane, John H. Marburger III, and Stephanie S. Shipp
http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=18746
This book looks promising, but I'm not sure how much it would apply to the world as a whole or if it only focuses on American policy.

3. BEYOND SPUTNIK – U.S. Science Policy in the 21st Century
http://www.amazon.com/Beyond-Sputnik-Science-Policy-Century/dp/0472033069
It is geared towards the US policy, but is supposed to be an intellectually challenging read.

I realize this is only three books, but I'm hoping this helps. 

A few others I would Recommend but may not be what you are looking for

Flatland http://www.amazon.com/Flatland-Romance-Dimensions-Thrift-Editions/dp/048627263X
QED http://www.amazon.com/QED-Strange-Theory-Light-Matter/dp/0691024170
Really I would consider anything by Richard Feynman a suggestion
Also, Neil DeGrasse Tyson and Brain Greene write wonderfully for the public.

This is a small fraction of the books out there of course, let me know if you feel I left out something huge.
Alison

Saturday, January 26, 2013

Q and A: Brains and knowledge

I received this question and I would like to answer it in two ways. First I will reason out an answer, then I will attempt to summarize my answer in a single paragraph based on the research and logic outlined.

Q: Would it be totally impossible to inject much knowledge into the brain using sound waves? Or maybe a laser to beam the information into a piece of machinery in the brain? 

A:The brain itself is not equipped to process sound waves, that is what our ears are for. Sound waves, as I'm sure you are aware, need something to move through just like waves in the ocean. Sound moves through air most commonly, but can also move through water, glass, wood, etc, but each material moves differently. A very dense material, like a metal door, will block out more sound that a less dense material like a wooden door. Air is the least dense state of matter on Earth which is one reason sound moves through it more efficiently than say water. Gas and liquid can both be described as fluid in motion, by this I just mean they move more easily than something solid.  This video has a good explanation for how sounds move through different materials. 

To get sound waves into the brain they would have pass through your skin, muscles, skull and the fluid around your brain. Whenever the waves pass through a different medium it would change the properties of the waves, as explained in the video above.

So even though we can encode waves with date by modifying the properties, the act of sending it through the head to the brain would contaminate the carefully modified data. If we found a way around this change to the sound wave, each attempt would have to be calculated at that point in time with specific measurements taken. Here's why: Everyone's head is going to vary. The thickness of the skin, the density of the muscle and skull, the consistency of the fluid around the brain and of the gray matter itself would all have to be taken into account. On top of that, we are alive so all of those variables are constantly changing for each person. Dehydration could change the density of the muscle or the fluid in the brain (This part is a little fuzzy for me, someone who knows more on the anatomy of the brain may be able to give a clearer picture), how much knowledge you have is going to change your brain, and even your mood could affect the brain's chemistry. What chemicals are present in your brain could change the movement of the wave.

As a clearer example, think of a clear, crisp autumn day, sound carries cleanly through the air. Now imagine a muggy day in the summer after an afternoon of rain, sounds don't carry as far. The air is now filled with water vapor (the humidity is higher) which will change how the sound waves carry through the air.

So my point is the “weather conditions” in your head would directly effect the injection of knowledge using sound waves. Which means while it might be possible, I doubt that it would be feasible. 

Now this is assuming that we can use these modified sound waves to stimulate the brain and some how get it to store or process information from these waves.  This is a huge assumption to even sugest that it could be possible.  But, I am no expert when it comes to the inter-workings of the brain, so with my limited knowledge I think the logical conclusion is it won't work.  
 
As far as using a laser to beam knowledge into the brain, there are several factors to consider.  One, let's assume we have the technology to interface the brain with a computer chip or mini motherboard.
 
Light is a continuous spectrum, from the Radio (low energy, wide waves of light) to gamma  (high energy, tiny waves of light) waves, as seen in the image below.  Lasers typically are created to emit light in the Ultra-Violet (UV) to the Infrared (IR) wavelengths.   This includes the visible spectrum.
 
Light Waves from High energy to Low energy
Let's start with the visible spectrum since that is what we are most familiar with.  Visible light is going to bounce off your skin.  It would not penetrate deep enough to reach machinery in your brain.
So, what about IR?  Well, we experience IR radiation (all light is radiation) in the form of heat.  So if you were to shine an IR laser at your head, you would warm up.  This could potentially interrupt your homeostasis (you're body's "happy" balance), so I'm not sure this would be wise either.


Two down, one to go.  UV?  Let me ask you this, what do we generally associate with UV light?  The sun/sun burns.  We know UV can damage your skin, even cause cancer.  I don't think shining a Laser emitting UV light would be very healthy.


Alright, well with those ruled out, what if we created a laser that emitted light in a different spectra? Let's go through them:
  1. Microwaves? 
    1. Yum cooked brains?  Next Please!  Well, that's really only one wavelength in the Microwave spectrum.  So maybe, we will discuss this.
  2.  Radio
    1.  Radio waves would probably be too large, they pass through us all the time and don't effect us, so this seems the most likely by far, but let's continue.
  3. X-Rays
    1.  You really want to try to limit your exposure to X-Rays.  There is a reason X-Ray technicians don't stand there without protection if you are being X-Rayed so that won't work.
  4. Gamma Rays 
    1. Long term exposure is also very bad for you.  Anything more energetic than Visible light, and you want to limit your exposure as much as possible.

So Radio would really be the safest option let's explore it to see if it would really work.  Radio waves include wavelengths starting at 0.1 meters and up.  There can be Radio Waves the width of a baseball or the width of the Earth.  This means the receiver would have to be that large.  That's why car antennas are long is so they can receive the right signals.  We get radio waves from Jupiter that need 20 foot long antennas.  This means that while it might be possible, your brain may have to be wired to be a receiver.  But wait, what was that I saw?
This is an interesting image of the spectrum. 
Pay special attention to the location of the Microwave Oven.
Notice where the Radio wave spectrum begins (about the size of a baseball) and where the source is under that (The microwave).  That's where the spectrum overlap a bit.  A microwave oven emits a wavelength of about 0.12 meters.  So there may be hazards at this area of the spectrum (Microwaves to small Radio waves) causing heating from the molecules in your brain, much the way a microwave uses water molecules to heat your food.  To learn more about how a microwave works to heat your food I suggest you watch this video (he gets into some more technical part of the microwave, but the section that discusses how the microwave uses water is very well done).  So that is my hesitation of using Microwaves.  Also, fun fact a Maser is a microwave producing laser!
 
I'm not seeing an easy way to work this, unless you had a fiber optic cable that connected the outside world to the machine in your brain, which has many problems associated with that. 


Here's the punch line:
Q: Would it be totally impossible to inject much knowledge into the brain using sound waves? Or maybe a laser to beam the information into a piece of machinery in the brain? 

A: While I hesitate to say "totally impossible" I'm not sure possible would be the right answer either.  The brain is a mysterious organ, having presented many challenges in science, so I do not want to say "impossible" but based on our current understand I would say no, it's not possible, not in the ways you have proposed. The second question proves to be more promising, but only if certain assumptions are made. Assuming we have a good way of hard-wiring the brain with machinery, then there may be a way to convey knowledge into the machine. This is a large assumption.

Thursday, August 23, 2012

Reptile Trivia

I'm posting this really late, the move took it's toll.  I'm back at work in the science center today so I thought I would catch up with this post.  I plan on having a newly researched post next week and hopefully my top links for the month.

Today (August 8th, 2012) during Reptile summer camp, we played a trivia game.  I typed up the questions, so I shall share them.  Some of them are very specific to the camp, but some of them are general knowledge.

  1. Which reptile still has their teeth showing when they close their mouths?
    1. Crocodiles
  2. What continent was the viper from yesterday?
    1. Asia
  3. What is the theme of this class?
    1. Reptiles
  4. T/F: SC has crocodiles in our swamps.
    1. False
  5. T/F: All turtles can pull their necks into their shells?
    1. False
  6. T/F: All turtles have webbed feet?
    1. True
  7. What was the first snake pulled out today?
    1. Great plain rat or Corn.
  8. What country was Daisy, David's snake, native to?
    1. Kenya
  9. What are two main differences between a turtle and a tortoise shell?
    1. Weight and Shape.
  10. What is the difference between the Corn snake and the Great Plains Snake?
    1. Coloring.
  11. T/F: The Science Center has Venomous snakes.
    1. False.
  12. What is a box turtle?
    1. Tortoise.
  13. What is a terrapin?
    1. Mix between turtle and tortoise: Lives in water and on land.
  14. What reptile is a good mother?
    1. Alligator.
  15. Where is the pattern the same for both the Corn and the Great Plains snake?
    1. Belly/bottom
  16. Who won the race on Monday?
    1. Box Turtle.
  17. What type of turtle was the last shown yesterday?
    1. Sunburst turtle.
  18. T/F: Snakes are warm blooded?
    1. False.
  19. T/F: The black snake has the same pattern on his belly as the Corn snake?
    1. True.
  20. Who was the first kid of the summer to hold three snakes at once?
    1. Jason.
  21. How far south can we find corn snakes?
    1. 30 miles south of Spartanburg SC.
  22. What is the current count of sea turtle nests in SC?
    1. 4,367
  23. Which island had eleven hundred and one sea turtle nests?
    1. Cape Island
  24. When do sea turtles nest?
    1. Night.
  25. When is the end of the sea turtle nesting season?
    1. Tonight, tomorrow, last night, pretty much now.
  26. When does nesting season begin?
    1. Mid of May.
  27. Where do the eggs live in the nest?
    1. The egg chamber.
  28. How many eggs can a sea turtle lay at once?
    1. 150 eggs
  29. T/F: Leather back sea turtles are very common.
    1. False.
  30. T/F: Leather back sea turtles can weight about 1000 lbs.
    1. True.
  31. Can turtles/tortoises live without their shells?
    1. No!
  32. What is it called when fishermen use nets that are miles long?
    1. Long Line fishing.
  33. When fishermen catch something that they don't want while fishing for something else, what is it called?
    1. Bi-catch.
  34. South Carolina's state reptile is?
    1. Loggerhead Sea Turtle
  35. T/F: Cape Island is open to the public during nesting season.
    1. False.
  36. What date did the sea turtles begin nesting this year?
    1. April 30th.
  37. When will the nests be finished hatching?
    1. By the end of September/1st of October.
  38. What was the first predator to go after the baby alligator on the video yesterday?
    1. Skunk.
  39. T/F: There are snakes called Queen snakes.
    1. True.
  40. What do Queen snakes eat?
    1. Soft crayfish, they freshly shed their exoskeleton.
  41. What's David's favorite snake?
    1. Red tailed Boa.
  42. Do snakes get hungry after they shed?
    1. Yes.
  43. Can snakes bite you, even if they are not venomous?
    1. Yes, they have teeth. But that doesn't mean they will.
  44. What type of snake did David bring today?
    1. Red tail boa.
  45. How many snakes does David own?
    1. 30
  46. How many snakes has David brought in?
    1. 4.
  47. Which is longer, a crocodile or a caiman lizard?
    1. Crocodile.
  48. In snakes, which are larger, male or female?
    1. Female.
  49. In turtles, which is larger, male or female?
    1. Female.
  50. What is my favorite turtle?
    1. Sunburst turtle.

Saturday, August 4, 2012

Update: Moving

Hello all.  My fiance recently got a job a few hours away, and I'll be living with him part time.

What that means: I will maintain my job at the science center three days a week and spend the other four with him.

The Blog:  I can't promise posts until we get settled.
I did promise a post about the Higgs; current research links; and I would like to add a section for questions that I'm asked.  So those will be coming, my life is just a little crazy.  Also I got a comment on improving my fire post and I need to look into that.

Happy Learning!

Alison

Friday, July 20, 2012

Why are Moths attracted to Light?

Most of my research as lead me to this conclusion:  They are not.  Not strictly speaking anyway. 

There are several different thoughts on why they seem to be though.

The first theory (T1) is they get confused by lights.  It seems that nocturnal moths use light for navigation.  Before we lit up the night with light polls, porch lights, and all the other lights we felt compelled to use at night; moths are said to have used the moon for navigation.  Our lights are brighter if they approach it, therefore they use it to navigate by rather than the moon.

Another theory (T2) is the moths are confused by the light because they are trying to get to the darkest spot next to the light.  This is due to "Mach Bands" (in the image below) where a color difference looks strongest at the point of highest contrast.  Meaning that the world looks darkest next to the light.  They are seeking the darkness and the bright light throws them off.  One scientist, Henry Hsiao, observed moths veering away from the light once they got close to it as they rarely actually bump into the light.


For some species of moth we have a third theory (T3) is moths just respond to different wavelengths (or color) of light differently.  This is why you are more likely to see moths around a white light than a yellow light.  One possible explanation of this is their food source.  They often eat the nectar from flowers, similar to butterflies.  Some flowers reflect ultraviolet light.  Ultraviolet light (UV) is a light that we cannot see as it is boarding the visible range.  Some insects like moths and bees can see in the UV range.  This means it is possible that they are approaching the light seeking out food rather than the light itself.

It seems that whatever the cause once they get to the light they are confused.  The reason they are seen sleeping near the light has two theories.
One: They often sleep as a reflex to the brightness mimicking the sun.
Two:  They merely tire themselves out flying around the light so they go to sleep on a near by surface.

A final note on moths: Not all moths are nocturnal.

References
T1 Links:
Penn State Research
Wikipedia
T2 Links:
io9
T3 Links:
How Stuff Works
Penn State Research

Friday, June 15, 2012

Question Two

And for my next trick, I mean post, I will be writing about fire.

Like moths drawn to the flame, you will be drawn to my next post!

I'm in a goofy mood, but I am going to blog about fire next time.  What it is, why it displays the properties it does.  And the title with be: Fire: Why blue is hotter than red; and what it is.

In other news, I will be volunteering at a local science center for one of their summer camps.  I'm excited about this.  I will be doing the demonstrations.  The summer camp is meteorology based so the experiments are simulating weather conditions and demonstrating related properties.  For example: I get to crush a can.  Some of you know what that is.  I'm very excited about this.  I will be can crushing in front of second graders.

For those of you who don't know what that is:  Video.  He does a pretty good job of explaining what's happening, but you if anyone wants me to explain it please comment or e-mail me.


I probably won't be posting tomorrow there's a parade and a birthday party that I will be going to.  But I should be posting on Sunday.

Monday, June 11, 2012

The First Question To Be Answered Is...

Why are moths attracted to light?

I was sitting in my living room watching a moth bounce against the window trying to get closer to the light inside. At the same time I found myself wondering what my first blog post should be.  I found it fitting that I should start this blog off with a question that I don't know myself.  So I will do some research tonight and post the answer tomorrow.

I look forward to learning something new with you.
Alison